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01
Hedgpeth, Dana. “Powhatan and His People: The 15,000 American Indians Shoved aside by Jamestown's Settlers.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 4 Aug. 2019, www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/08/03/powhatan-his-people-american-indians-that-jamestowns-settlers-shoved-aside/.
02
“Colonial National Historical Park: A Study of Virginia Indians and Jamestown-The First Century (Chapter 6).” National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/jame1/moretti-langholtz/chap6.htm.
03
Native American History and Culture: Boarding Schools - American Indian Relief Council Is Now Northern Plains Reservation Aid, www.nativepartnership.org/site/PageServer?pagename=airc_hist_boardingschools.
04
Lui, Meizhu. The Color of Wealth: the Story behind the U.S. Racial Wealth Divide. New Press, 2006.
05
Harper, Peter Alan. “How Slave Labor Made New York.” The Root, The Root, 12 Jan. 2017, www.theroot.com/how-slave-labor-made-new-york-1790895122.
06
Cobb, James C. “Removing Ties to History of Slavery Is Harder Than You Think.” Time, Time, 30 Mar. 2016, time.com/4274901/slavery-traces-history/.
07
Benner, Katie. “Wachovia Apologizes for Ties to Slavery.” CNNMoney, Cable News Network, 2005, money.cnn.com/2005/06/02/news/fortune500/wachovia_slavery/.
08
Weinstein, Austin. “Truist Apologizes for Links to Slavery. 'I Will Do Everything I Can to Make It Better,' CEO Says.” Charlotteobserver, Charlotte Observer, 2020, www.charlotteobserver.com/news/business/banking/article243929412.html.
09
Sauter, Michael B. “Where Do Jeff Bezos, Warren Buffett and Bill Gates Rank among All-Time Richest Americans?” USA Today, Gannett Satellite Information Network, 16 Apr. 2019, www.usatoday.com/story/money/2019/04/16/30-richest-americans-of-all-time/39338941/.
10
Neumann , Jeff, and Tracy Loeffelholz Dunn. “A NATION BUILT ON THE BACK OF SLAVERY AND RACISM.” Yes Magazine, 2015, www.yesmagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/74/74-JTF-8.5x11.pdf.
11
History.com Editors. “Cotton Gin and Eli Whitney.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 4 Feb. 2010, www.history.com/topics/inventions/cotton-gin-and-eli-whitney.
12
Lee, Felicia R. “Harvesting Cotton-Field Capitalism.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 3 Oct. 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/10/04/books/the-half-has-never-been-told-follows-the-money-of-slavery.html.
13
History.com Editors. “Cotton Gin and Eli Whitney.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 4 Feb. 2010, www.history.com/topics/inventions/cotton-gin-and-eli-whitney.
14
PBS.com. "Africans in America| Part 3 | Narrative: Growth and Entrenchment of Slavery." https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3narr6.html.
15
Desmond, Matthew. “American Capitalism Is Brutal. You Can Trace That to the Plantation.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 14 Aug. 2019, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/slavery-capitalism.html.
16
Neumann, Jeff, and Tracy Loeffelholz Dunn. “A NATION BUILT ON THE BACK OF SLAVERY AND RACISM.” Yes Magazine, 2015, www.yesmagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/74/74-JTF-8.5x11.pdf.
17
Desmond, Matthew. “American Capitalism Is Brutal. You Can Trace That to the Plantation.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 14 Aug. 2019, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/slavery-capitalism.html.
18
History.com Editors. “Trail of Tears.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 9 Nov. 2009, https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/trail-of-tears.
19
Desmond, Matthew. “American Capitalism Is Brutal. You Can Trace That to the Plantation.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 14 Aug. 2019, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/slavery-capitalism.html.
20
“Trail of Tears.” AAPF, aapf.org/trail-of-tears.
21
Klein, Christopher. “How Native Americans Struggled to Survive on the Trail of Tears. History.com, A&E Television Networks, November 7, 2019, https://www.history.com/news/trail-of-tears-conditions-cherokee.
22
Wechsberg, Joseph. The Merchant Bankers. Pocket Books, 1968.
23
Coates, Story by Ta-Nehisi. “The Case for Reparations.” The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 16 June 2020, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/.
24
UNC-Chapel Hill School of Education, www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-newsouth/4698
25
Uenuma, Francine. “The Massacre of Black Sharecroppers That Led the Supreme Court to Curb the Racial Disparities of the Justice System.” Smithsonian.com, Smithsonian Institution, 2 Aug. 2018, www.smithsonianmag.com/history/death-hundreds-elaine-massacre-led-supreme-court-take-major-step-toward-equal-justice-african-americans-180969863/.
26
Blackmon, Douglas A. Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II. Anchor Books, a Division of Random House, Inc., 2009.
27
Brumfield, Dale M. “Freed Va. Slaves Built This Bridge as 'Black Codes' Convicts.” The News Leader, The News Leader, 2 Nov. 2017, www.newsleader.com/story/news/history/2017/10/09/freed-va-slaves-built-bridge-black-codes-convicts/745739001/.
28
Blackmon, Douglas A. Slavery by Another Name: the Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II. Anchor Books, a Division of Random House, Inc., 2009.
29
Morgan, Dominique. “The Uncounted Workforce.” The Indicator from Planet Money, hosted by Cardiff Garcia and Darius Rafieyan, National Public Radio, 29 June 2020. Transcript, https://www.npr.org/transcripts/884989263.
30
Wagner, Peter. The Prison Index: Taking the Pulse of the Crime Control Industry. Western Prison Project and the Prison Policy Initiative, April 2003. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/prisonindex/prisonlabor.html#line53.
31
“SPLC Sues Private Prison Company That Uses Forced Labor of Detained Immigrants in Georgia to Boost Profits.” Southern Poverty Law Center, 17 Apr. 2018, www.splcenter.org/news/2018/04/17/splc-sues-private-prison-company-uses-forced-labor-detained-immigrants-georgia-boost.
32
"Workers of the Central and Union Pacific Railroad.” American Experience, PBS.com, 27 January 2003. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/tcrr-workers-central-union-pacific-railroad/
33
History.com Staff. “Chinese Exclusion Act.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 24 Aug. 2018, www.history.com/topics/immigration/chinese-exclusion-act-1882.
34
“The History of Black Wall Street.” Greenwood Ave Black-Owned Business Directory. https://greenwoodave.net/2016/03/20/the-history-of-black-wall-street/.
35
Merrefield, Clark. “The 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre and Its Enduring Financial Fallout.” Harvard Gazette, Harvard Gazette, 18 June 2020, news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/06/the-1921-tulsa-race-massacre-and-its-enduring-financial-fallout.
36
“Race Relations in the 1930s and 1940s.” From Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/great-depression-and-world-war-ii-1929-1945/race-relations-in-1930s-and-1940s/.
37
Neumann, Jeff, and Tracy Loeffelholz Dunn. “A NATION BUILT ON THE BACK OF SLAVERY AND RACISM.” Yes Magazine, 2015, www.yesmagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/74/74-JTF-8.5x11.pdf .
38
Banks, Nina. “Black Women's Labor Market History Reveals Deep-Seated Race and Gender Discrimination.” Economic Policy Institute, Feb. 2019, www.epi.org/blog/black-womens-labor-market-history-reveals-deep-seated-race-and-gender-discrimination/.
39
Gross, Teddy, and FRANCISCO BALDERRAMA. “America's Forgotten History Of Mexican-American 'Repatriation'.” NPR, NPR, 10 Sept. 2015, www.npr.org/2015/09/10/439114563/americas-forgotten-history-of-mexican-american-repatriation.
40
Bernard, Diane. “The Time a President Deported 1 Million Mexican Americans for Supposedly Stealing U.S. Jobs.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 12 June 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/08/13/the-time-a-president-deported-1-million-mexican-americans-for-stealing-u-s-jobs/.
41
Little, Becky. “The U.S. Deported a Million of Its Own Citizens to Mexico During the Great Depression.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 12 July 2019, www.history.com/news/great-depression-repatriation-drives-mexico-deportation.
42
Alan S. Blinder, “From the New Deal, A Way Out of a Mess,” New York Times Online, February 4, 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/24/business/24view.html
43
Pounder, C C. H, Larry Adelman, Jean Cheng, Christine Herbes-Sommers, Tracy H. Strain, Llewellyn Smith, and Claudio Ragazzi. Race: The Power of an Illusion. , 2003.
44
Anderson, Dana. “How Redlining Caused a Wealth Gap and Low Homeownership for Black Families.” Redfin Real Estate News, 15 Oct. 2020, www.redfin.com/blog/redlining-real-estate-racial-wealth-gap/.
45
Domonoske, Camila. “Interactive Redlining Map Zooms In On America's History Of Discrimination.” NPR, NPR, 19 Oct. 2016, www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/19/498536077/interactive-redlining-map-zooms-in-on-americas-history-of-discrimination.
46
Badger, Emily. “How Redlining's Racist Effects Lasted for Decades.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 24 Aug. 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/08/24/upshot/how-redlinings-racist-effects-lasted-for-decades.html.
47
Rumore, Kori, et al. “Chicago Tribune.” Chicagotribune.com, Chicago Tribune, 2018, www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-modern-day-redlining-20180215-story.html.
48
“Deeper in Debt: Woman and Student Loans.” AAUW, May 2017. https://www.aauw.org/app/uploads/2020/03/DeeperinDebt-nsa.pdf
49
Bhaskaran, Suparna. Pinklining: How Wall Street’s Predatory Products Pillage Women’s Wealth, Opportunities and Futures. ACCE Institute, June 2016, d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/acceinstitute/pages/100/attachments/original/1466121052/acce_pinklining_VIEW.pdf?1466121052.
50
Americans For Financial Reform team. “Report: Private Equity's Chemical Catastrophe in Texas.” Americans for Financial Reform, 17 Dec. 2019, ourfinancialsecurity.org/2019/12/report-private-equitys-chemical-catastrophe-texas/.